Carcinogenesis: Molecular mechanisms, risk factors, and emerging therapeutic target

Carcinogenesis is a multistep biological process in which normal cells transform into malignant ones due to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences. This review explores the fundamental mechanisms of carcinogenesis, including the initiation, promotion, and progression phases. It delves into the roles of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair mechanisms, and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the article examines carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, radiation, and infectious organisms. Emphasis is also placed on emerging molecular targets and therapeutic approaches in cancer prevention and treatment. Understanding the complex interplay of cellular and molecular events in carcinogenesis is vital for developing more effective cancer diagnostics and interventions.