Systematic Review
Background: Periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are both persistent inflammatory conditions that share common risk factors and contribute to systemic health complications. There is growing evidence of a bidirectional relationship influenced by systemic inflammation, primarily reflected through serum biomarkers.Objective: To systematically review and synthesize current evidence on serum biomarkers in individuals diagnosed with both periodontitis and established CVD.Methods: An extensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, covering all records up to July 2025. Inclusion criteria were observational or interventional studies involving adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with both periodontitis and CVD, reporting quantitative serum biomarker data. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Results: A total of twenty-two studies met the established criteria for inclusion. Among the most frequently examined biomarkers were C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), fibrinogen, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-8 and MMP-9). Patients with both conditions showed significantly elevated biomarker levels compared to controls. Periodontal therapy was associated with reductions in systemic inflammation.Conclusion: Elevated systemic inflammatory biomarkers in patients with both periodontitis and CVD support a biological link between the two diseases. Serum biomarkers can serve as indicators for disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. Further longitudinal and interventional research is recommended.
Loading publication timeline...
