Enhancing coral reef monitoring: Integrating ecological, genetic, and oceanographic data

Coral reef ecosystems are vital for coastal protection, marine biodiversity, and economic benefits. However, they face severe threats from climate change, notably coral bleaching. This review evaluates current coral reef monitoring methodologies, including ecological, genetic, and oceanographic data collection. It highlights recent advancements in remote sensing, bioinformatics, and community engagement, and examines successful integrative monitoring projects like the GBRIMRP and CREWS. Key challenges in data integration, such as technical harmonization, data management, and interdisciplinary collaboration, are discussed. The review proposes future directions focusing on standardization, sustainable funding, and policy implications to enhance coral reef conservation efforts.