The divine feminine in the ṛgveda: Antecedents, symbolism, and cosmic principles

This paper examines the concept of the divine feminine in the Ṛgveda and its contribution to Earth system philosophy through the lens of Vedic cosmology. It explores the symbolic, theological, and ecological significance of feminine deities such as Aditī, Uṣās, Sarasvatī, Pṛthvī, Rātrī, and Vāc, who are represented as sustaining forces of cosmic harmony, fertility, knowledge, speech, and natural order (ṛta). Rather than being portrayed merely as mythological figures, these deities embody interconnected principles that regulate both the human and cosmic realms. By analyzing key hymns and their textual contexts, the study highlights how Vedic thought conceptualizes the Earth and the universe as a living, interdependent system sustained by balance, continuity, and sacred responsibility. The paper argues that Vedic feminine cosmology offers an early philosophical framework that resonates with contemporary Earth system philosophy by emphasizing ecological interconnectedness, cyclical regeneration, and harmony between nature and humanity. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the feminine divine in the Ṛgveda is not secondary to the masculine principle but functions as an essential cosmic power underlying creation and preservation. Through this exploration, the paper contributes to broader discussions of environmental ethics, spiritual ecology, and the relevance of ancient Vedic perspectives for understanding sustainable relationships among humans, nature, and the cosmos.