Pharmacological immunomodulation in Covid 19 with vascular dysfunction

Coronaviruses are so named because of the halo of spike (S) proteins that decorate their surfaces and infect cells through interactions between its S protein with specific cellular receptors to bind host cells leading to hyperresponsiveness of immune system as ‘cytokine storm’ which contributes to toxic-metabolic encephalopathy in severe cases. As a result, systemic proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers are elevated and immune modulators have the potential to inhibit cytokines and to treat the cytokine storm.