Industrial enzyme production using recombinant DNA technology

Industrial enzymes have become indispensable biocatalysts in modern industry due to their high specificity, catalytic efficiency, and environmentally sustainable nature. Many industries use them, including food and beverage processing, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, pulp and paper, and biofuel production. But conventional enzyme production processes that depend on native organisms are often inhibited by low productivity, inconsistent quality, restricted scalability, and insufficient adaptability to demanding industrial conditions. These challenges have enhanced the adoption of recombinant DNA technology as a robust and versatile platform for enzyme production.

Recombinant DNA technology allows exact manipulation and expression of genes encoding target enzymes in improved host systems, allowing for high-yield production, better stability, and tailored functional properties. This review provides a critical overview of recombinant enzyme production, around fundamental genetic engineering principles, selection and optimization of host organisms, and progressive strategies such as protein engineering and metabolic pathway modification. It examines key aspects of bioprocess development, highlights recent advances in genome editing, synthetic biology, and computational enzyme design, which are driving innovation in enzyme biotechnology. Major challenges, including expression limitations, regulatory constraints, and economic factors, are also discussed. Overall, recombinant enzyme technology is presented as a transformative approach that supports efficient, scalable, and sustainable industrial processes, with significant potential for future development and application.