Physiological activity and characterization of bryophytes: A Review

Bryophytes show a diverse range of physiological processes that define their ecological adaptability and functional significance. Early physiological investigations have highlighted key activities such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, and the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, which are important for their survival under fluctuating environmental conditions. Enzymatic markers, like protease and nitrate reductase, serve as important indicators of metabolic adjustments during stress. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bryophytes under adverse conditions further highlights the importance of these enzymes, with nitrate reductase playing a central role in nitrogen assimilation and overall metabolic regulation. Beyond physiological responses, recent studies have expanded the characterization of bryophytes through their capacity to mediate the synthesis of silver nitrate nanoparticles. These biologically derived nanoparticles consist of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological properties. Under this research, Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) have become important for profiling bryophyte chemistry. LC-MS enables the detection of different secondary metabolites, including phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids hence helping in a deeper understanding of their bioactive potential and ecological roles. Future research should aim to integrate advanced biochemical, molecular, and imaging approaches to elucidate unexplored metabolic pathways and stress-response mechanisms in bryophytes. Such efforts will not only extend the knowledge of their biology but also support the development of bryophyte-derived compounds and nanoparticles for sustainable agricultural practices, environmental management, and therapeutic innovation.