Phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicological concerns of mandragora species: A mini review

The convergence of nanotechnology and plant science has led to a transformative shift in precision agriculture and real-time plant health monitoring. This comprehensive review explores the forefront of plant nanosensors and smart materials, which hold significant potential for early disease detection, environmental stress assessment, and overall plant welfare. Researchers have enabled unprecedented insights into plant physiology, pathogen interactions, and environmental responses, by leveraging highly sensitive, selective, and non-invasive nanosensor platforms. Key advances in sensor miniaturization, biocompatibility, and data accuracy are driving the implementation of these technologies within the agricultural sector. This review synthesizes current technological breakthroughs and research applications, thoroughly examining various nanosensor types including optical, electrochemical, and magnetic sensors—and their integration with smart materials.